Trinity Sunday
Posté par diaconos le 23 mai 2024
In Christianity, the Trinity (or Holy Trinity) is the one God in three distinct persons: the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, equal and of the same divine substance. Belief in the Trinity is the founding principle common to the main Christian denominations: Catholicism1, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. The foundation of this doctrine is expressed in the symbol of the First Council of Constantinople in 381. The concept of the ‘Trinity’ does not appear explicitly in the New Testament, but the three persons are named and manifested there on several occasions. For Christian theology, these three persons, or hypostases, constitute the one God (one nature, essence or substance) in the form of the Trinity. The three persons are interdependent in a permanent relationship from all eternity through a relationship called perichoresis.
Although the word ‘Trinity’ does not appear in the New Testament, the three divine persons are named, act and manifest themselves there, particularly in the Gospel according to Matthew and in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. For Christian theology, these three persons or hypostases, who constitute the one God in the form of the Trinity, share a single divine essence (ousia in ancient Greek). The will is not linked to the person, but to the essence. The Father, the Son and the Spirit therefore have one common will, that of God. The three persons are interdependent and not independent (in which case it would be triteism.
It was the First Council of Constantinople, in 381, that established the terms of the dogma of the Trinity and the divinity of the Son: begotten but not created by the Father, true God born of true God, is « consubstantial » with him. The adjective ‘consubstantial’, which is not found in the New Testament, is only reluctantly accepted by the Eastern bishops. Tertullian uses the Latin terms substantia, equivalent to the Greek οὐσία / ousia (« essence », « substance », « being »), and persona, which means « actor’s mask », « role », hence « person », and corresponds to the Greek πρόσωπον / prosôpon, « face », hence « mask », « character » and « person ».
The term ὑπόστασις / hupostasis, « hypostasis », i.e. « base », « foundation », hence « matter », « substance », was used at the Council of Nicaea in conjunction with ousia. Following Basil of Caesarea, the formula ‘one ousia in three hypostases’ was adopted. According to Christian doctrine, the dogma of the Trinity was formulated as a consequence of the way God revealed his mystery: after first revealing his existence and uniqueness to the Jewish people, a fact echoed in the Old Testament, he then revealed himself as Father, Son and Holy Spirit by sending the Son and the Holy Spirit, a fact echoed in the New Testament.
# In Christianity, the Trinity (or Holy Trinity) is the one God in three persons: the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, equal, sharing the same divine essence and yet fundamentally distinct. The term Trinitas (= tri + unitas) was coined in Latin by Tertullian (155-220). Belief in the Trinity is the founding principle common to the main Christian denominations : Catholicism, Orthodoxy and Protestantism. The foundation of this doctrine is expressed in the Nicene symbol. The concept of the ‘Trinity’ does not appear explicitly in the New Testament, but the three persons are mentioned there and manifest themselves on several occasions, both in their distinction and in their unity. For Christian theology, these three persons, or hypostases, constitute the one God in the form of the Trinity.
The doctrine of the Trinity According to Christian doctrine, the dogma of the Trinity is the consequence of the way God revealed his mystery: after first revealing his existence and uniqueness to the Jewish people, as echoed in the Old Testament, he then revealed himself as Father, Son and Holy Spirit by sending the Son and the Holy Spirit, as echoed in the New Testament. The Trinitarian concept (triad in Greek) first appears in Theophilus of Antioch, around 180, to designate God, his Logos and his Wisdom (Holy Spirit). The writings of the Church Fathers – Justin of Nablus, Irenaeus of Lyons, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian and Origen – bear witness to the debates that ran through the Church in the first three centuries. The same applies to the subsequent denunciations of the various heresies. Although the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are clearly present in the New Testament, we are still far from the precise doctrine of the Trinity as it would have been defined in the 4th century.
From the Gospel of Jesus Christ according to Matthew
At that time the eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had told them to go. When they saw him, they prostrated themselves, but some of them had doubts. Jesus approached them and said : « All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go and make disciples of all nations. Baptise them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit and teach them to observe all that I have commanded you. And I am with you to the end of the age. (Mt 28, 16-20)
Jesus appears to the eleven in Galilee
The eleven went to Galilee, to the mountain indicated by Jesus. They prostrated themselves before him, but some had doubts. Jesus claimed that all power belonged to him : he ordered his disciples to go to all nations, to instruct them, to baptise them and teach them to keep his commandments; he promised to be with them every day until the end of the world. It seems that when he ordered his disciples to go to Galilee after his resurrection, he also designated a mountain where they would meet him. The events of Jesus’ life, such as the discourse with which he inaugurated his reign as Messiah, the manifestation of his glorry in the transfiguration, and the farewell discourse, took place on mountains.
Matthew mentions only his apostles, reduced to this number by the death of Judas : « Then, having thrown away the silver coins in the Temple, he withdrew and went and hanged himself ». (Mt 27:5) But since Jesus had many disciples in Galilee, who hastened to gather when they heard the news of his resurrection from the apostles who had returned from Jerusalem, several interpreters thought that the eleven were not alone at this meeting on the mountain, and identified this apparition with the one in which Jesus, according to Paul, was seen by more than five hundred brothers at once : « Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at once, most of whom are still alive and some of whom are dead ». 1 C0 15, 6)
It was easier for them to explain the doubts mentioned in this supposition. These doubts had also arisen among the apostles. Matthew does not mention Jesus’ appearances to his disciples in Judea or the discussions he had with them there. But could he have ignored hem ? Did he not himself report Jesus’ meeting with the women near the tomb and the words he spoke to them? And were not all the events in Jerusalem between the risen Jesus and his disciples immediately made known to all ? And when they saw him, they worshipped him; but some doubted. Faith in the divinity of the Son of God, still uncertain and weak in the hearts of many, awakens victorious at the sight of Jesus : triumphant over death, Thomas says to him : « My Lord and my God » (Jn 20, 28).
« Teach all nations ». This was the purpose of God’s mercy, which knows no bounds when it comes to our fallen humanity. This command was a promise : « And because iniquity has increased, the love of many will grow cold » (Mt 24, 12). How can we make the nations learn? By these three means: instruction, baptism and the moral obligation to put into practice all the teachings of Jesus. Instruction was given to all nations: baptism was administered to those who had been made disciples among them. These baptised disciples were to be taught by the apostles to observe all that Jesus commanded.
Deacon Michel Houyoux
Links to other Christian sites
On a Mission to Love : clik here to read the paper The Mystery of Love
SSPX : clik here to read the paper Most sublime of all mysteries : the Holy Trinity
Video ESV : clik here https://youtu.be/_W1Ix2fctJQ
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